一．定语从句的概述：
1. 定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。在句中做定语，被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词。从句通常放在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
eg She is the girl（who got the first prize.）
girl先行词 who充当从句主语，从句做定语修饰girl
This is the boy who broke the window.
这就是打破窗子的孩子。
the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出the
boy是打破窗子的那个孩子,who 在从句中充当主语
That is the house where he lived ten years ago.
He is the man who/that lives next door.
He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
复合句：是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子 ，复合句中的主句和从句都具有完整的的主语和谓语，主句是复合句的主体，可以独立存在，从句需要有一个连词引导，是修饰说明主句的，不能独立存在，根据在句中的不同作用，从句可以分为三类：定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句。
二．引导定语从句的关系词有两大类：
1. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词 ：that, who, whom, whose, which，as（主，宾，定）
关系副词 ：when, where, why.（状语）
2. 关系词的作用：
（1）引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用；
（2）代替先行词在句中充当成分。
三．定语从句的分类：
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
1. 限定性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者失去意义。从句和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略。
eg She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago.
That代替先行词necklace，在从句中充当lost的宾语
The man who spoke last was Dr Li.
Who代替先行词man在从句中充当主语
2. 非限制性定语从句：从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，从句只是对先行 词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清 楚完整，这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不
that引导。
eg Lijiang, （where I was born）, is very beautiful.
关系副词where代替先行词Lijiang，在从句中充当地点状语，如果去掉从句，主句依然完整，这就称为非限制定语从句
I , who am your friend, will share the work with you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。
I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用，如果去掉，主句依然清楚完整
四．Which与that的用法
1. 只用that的情况：
(1) 当先行词是不定代词时，如everything, anything, nothing, none, the one (something除外)all，little，much,few 等,或被不定代词修饰时。
eg This is all that I want to say .
He did everything that he could to help me .他尽他所能来帮助我。
Is everything __we need to do __.Yes,You needn’t worry about it.
A. Which,has done B. which ,doing C.that,has done D.that,done
去掉疑问句变成everything is done一般现在时被动语态
Everything that we need to do我们所需要做的每一件事情
I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.
我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。
（2） 先行词前有序数词或形容词，副词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词 或形容词，副词最高级时
This is the most interesting film that I have seen。
He was the first student that got to school today.
他是今天第一个到学校的学生。
He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen.
他解答出我所见过最难的题目。
(3) 当先行词被the only，the last，the very（正好，恰恰），the just等修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice。
我们能做的唯一的一件事就是给你们一些建议。
I need the same dictionary that you have.
我需要同你一样的字典。
This is the very bus that I’m waiting for .
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.
(4) 先行词中既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时
He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.
他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。
The film star and her films that you have just talked about are really well-known。
你们刚刚谈论的那个明星和她的电影非常有名。
(5) 当主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时
（先行词前有who，which等疑问代词时）
Who is the man that you spoke to just now?
你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？
Which is the bike that you lost？
Who is the boy that won the gold medal？
(6) 句中有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which时，另一个宜用that
They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution。
(7) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be。
He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be.
口诀：That 用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后面它不去，介词之后不考虑；
that，which代替物，区别听我来叙述；先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；
先行词前有序数，用上that定无误；先行词前最高级，还用that定无疑；
句中若有there be ，that应把which替；多背诵，多操练，that用法要牢记。
关系副词when/where/why，从中作状莫懈怠；
时用when因用why，where地点经常在；
关系副词可互换，介词加上关系代；
关系代，关系代，that与who要除外。
挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行
2. 只用which的情况
(1) 关系代词前有介词且指物时只用which
This is the house in which I lived two years ago。
(2) 引导非限制定语从句时
Football ，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world。
(3) 先行词本身就是that，those时常用which
I have that （which）you gave me。
all i want is everythingThis is that which he bought yesterday。
(4) 一个句子中有两个定从时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。
Let me show you the novel that I have borrowed from the library which was newly opened to us.
巧记that和which用法异同
That，which可互换，下列情况勿照办
That情况比较多，先来对你说一说
不定代词这一伙，全用that准没错
先行词前有修饰，千万不要用which
要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离
五．介词+which/whom结构用法
介词 + which 物
whom 人
1. “介词+关系代词”引导定从时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom
介词+which在定从作时间，地点，原因状语，相当于when，where，why。
发布评论