1.1.1 填空 判断：
①linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language。 It is a science studies the rules systems and principles of language。 3 cannons(标准）:exhaustiveness全面性 consistency一致性 economy.
②linguistics study the origin， growth, organization。 Nature and development of language and discovers the general rules and principles governing language。 2 purposes: study the nature, establish a theory and describe language by that theory; examines all language and seeks understanding ways to fulfill the needs human need。
1.1.2 填空 判断 选择：
Linguistics differ from traditional grammar:
①linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness. ②linguists regard spoken as primary not written. Speech came earlier than writing system。 ③traditional grammar based on Latin while linguistics describes each language on its own
merits。
1.1.4 名词解释
Microlinguistics: Phonetics(语音学）, phonology(语音学）， morphology(形态学），syntax(句法学）， semantics（语义学）,pragmatics（语用学)。
Macrolinguistics: sociolinguistics（社会语言学），psycholinguistics(心理语言学）,stylistics（文体学)，discourse analysis(话语分析）， computational linguistics（计算语言学）,cognitive linguistics(认知语言学)
1。2.1 全 especially判断
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Language is a system， arbitrary, vocal。 Language is used for human communication。
1.2。3
Arbitrariness（任意性): refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with。
Duality（二元性）:organization of language into two levels - a level of sounds which combine into a second level of larger units is called duality。 language works on two levels: 1 have no meaning but combine to form unites at another level have meaning.
Productivity（创造性）: linguistic ability enables to produce and understand sentences。
Interchageability（可交换性）：man can both produce and receive messages easily。
Displacement（移位性）:enable people to talk a thing in other space and time。
Specialization：man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication.
Cultural transmission（文化传递):language is culturally transmitted。 Cannot be transmitted through heredity.
1.2.4
Phatic function交际功能, directive function 指示功能, informative function信息功能, interrogative function询问功能, expressive function表情功能, evocative function召唤功能， performative function施为功能, recreational function娱乐功能， metalingual function元语言功能（language can talk itself）
1。3。1 descriptive and prescriptive grammar 描写式＆规定式
Descriptive describes what actually say, descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language。
1.3。2 synchronic and diachronic linguistics 共时性和历时性
see you again 歌词1.3.3 langue and parole 语言和言语
Langue                                    Parole
Abstract knowledge                      concrete manifestation
Social conventional                        individualized
Code                                  message
Stable and systematic                    subject to personal and situational
1.3。4 competence and performance 语言能力和应用
Competence refers to the knowledge that native speaker have of their language as a system of abstract relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is， the actual use of this knowledge.
1。3.5 syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
1。3.6functionalism and formalism功能主义和形式主义
2.2.2 voiced and voiceless sound浊音和清音
2.2。3nasal and oral sounds鼻音和口腔音2
oral
nasal
voiced
b p d
m n ŋ
voiceless
p t k
2.2.4
manner
place
bilabials
labiodentals
dentals
alveolars
palatals
velars
glottal哇塞电话又来了
Stop
p b
t d
Fricatives
f v
θ ð
s z
ʃ ʒ
h
Affricates
tʃ dʒ
Liquids
l r
N郭德纲相声下载mp3asals
m
n
ŋ
glides
w
魏文超
j
       
  Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/
吴速玲整容        The height of the tongue    Central vowels： /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/
                                Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ：/
                                Rounded vowels： /u:/ /u/ /ɔ：/ /ɔ/
          The shape of the lip     
Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/
东方萃梦想下载                             
Open vowels: /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ：/
        The width of the mouth    Close vowels：  /i:/ /ı/ /u:/ /u/
                              Semi-open vowels：  /ɔ：//e/ /ɛ/ /з：/ /ə/ /ʌ/
2。2。5
Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech， in particular when the s
econd word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg” is often pronounced /ə’neg/。