代词：为了避免重复而用来代替其他词的词;
种类：1 人称 2 物主 3 反身 4 指示 5不定6 疑问
7 相互代词：each other, one another互相, 其所有格加-’s
8 关系代词：which, who,baby be minethat,whom,whose等 引导定语从句
9 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
10替代词：one单数, ones复数 用于替代前面出现的同类事物;但ones必须和形容词连用;如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones;如：Have you bought any rulers Yes,I 've bought some.
一、人称代词
1. 人称代词的形式
单数 | 复数 | |||||||
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | 第一 | 第二 | 第三 | |||
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they |
宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | us | you | them |
2. 人称代词的句法功能
功能 | 例句 | |
主格 | 作主语 | They are fourteen years old. / She is a Chinese teacher. |
宾格 | 作动词宾语 | The box is too heavy. Let me help you. / I like it very much. |
作介词宾语 | Mary didn’t want to go with me. | |
作表语 | --- Who is standing over there --- It’s me. | |
it的特殊用法 | 指时间 | It is early spring, but it’s already very hot. |
指天气 | It rained ________________大last night. | |
指距离 | It’s about five ___________minutewalk from here to the library. How far is it from your school to your home | |
作形式主语、 形式宾语 | It is very nice of you to help me. I find it easy to learn English well. | |
指前文提到的物 | -Where’s my book -It’s over there. | |
指不知性别的婴儿或不确指性别的人 | The baby is crying. It may be hungry. | |
3. 人称代词的排列顺序单数231,复数123
当两个以上的人称代词一起作主语时,单数按二、三、一人称排列即you, he / she, I；复数按一、二、三人称排列即we, you, they;但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时,要把说话人I放在第一位;
如：It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了;
二、物主代词
1. 物主代词的形式
单 数 | 复 数 | ||||||||
物主代词 | 形容词性 | my | your | his | her | its | our | your | their |
名词性 | mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | yours | theirs | |
2. 物主代词的基本用法
功 能 | 例 句 | 特 别 提 示 | |
形容词性 物主代词 | 作定语 | Her mother is a kind-hearted doctor. Their room is clean and tidy. | 形容词性物主代词作定语,相当于形容词; |
名词性 物主代词相当于省略了中心名词的-'s属格结构 | 作主语 | That is his computer. Mine doesn’t work. | 名词性物主代词在句中不能单独作定语;如： Hers math is better than mine.错句中的________应改为________ |
作宾语 | Her spoken English is better than yours. | ||
作表语 | This ballpen is hers. Where is mine | ||
与of连用 作定语 | The red skirt of hers is very beautiful. | ||
3. 物主代词的特殊用法
在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词;如：
我的一个朋友a friend of mine , 她的一个同学 a classmate of hers , each brother of his.
三、反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式
反身代词又叫自身代词,表示动作返回到动作发出者本身;
人 称 | 单 数 | 复 数 |
第一人称 | myself | ourselves |
第二人称 | yourself | yourselves |
第三人称 | himself,herself, itself | themselves |
2. 反身代词的句法功能
功 能 | 例 句 | 特别提示 |
作宾语 | Little Jimmy can dress himself now. She cooked herself a good meal. | 两句中动作的执行者与承受着均是同一个人,故宾语只能用反身代词,不能用him和her; |
作表语 | The boy in the photo is myself, not Tom. I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服; | |
作同位语强调 | The baby itself laughed. I myself went to visit my teacher. | 此句中,反身代词itself也可放在laughed的后面; |
和by等介词搭配, 构成固定短语 | Never leave the child by himself at home. I don’t think I can do it by myself. | 初中常用的由反身代词构成的短语有：见下 |
3.由反身代词构成的习惯用语
① help oneself to 随便吃…… ② come to oneself 苏醒过来,醒悟,恢复知觉
③ dress oneself 自己穿衣服 ④ say to oneself 自言自语
⑤ enjoy oneself 玩得开心 ⑥ lose oneself in迷路于,全神贯注于…之中,消失于
⑦ teach oneself 自学 ⑧ look after oneself ⑨by oneself 亲自
learn……by oneself 自学… leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 hurt oneself 伤了自己
make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束
四、指示代词
单数 | this这,这个 | that那,那个 | such 这样的人或物 | same 同样的人或物 |
复数 | these这些 | those那些 | ||
例句 | This is Bill speaking. Who is that Where will these pupils go Do you like those They are the latest fashion. I have never seen such a clever child before. Those two dresses are the same. He said the same thing again and again. | |||
1. that 用来代替前面提到的不可数名词,those代替复数名词;
The weather today is finer than that yesterday.
The students in this school are different from those in that one.
2. 打电话时,用that询问对方是谁,用this介绍自己;This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking
说明：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较：
对 He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西;
对 He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人;those指人
错 He admired that who danced well. that作宾语时不能指人
对 He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人;those指人
对 He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西;those指物
五、疑问代词
疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等;在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句;疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句
如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁;
格 | 指人 | 指物 | 指人或物 |
主格 | who谁 | what什么 | which哪个,哪些 |
宾格 | whom谁 | ||
所有格 | whose谁的 | whose谁的 | whose谁的 |
说明1：
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同;what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如：
Which girls do you like best 你喜欢哪几个姑娘
What girls do you like best 你喜欢什么样的姑娘
说明2：
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Whom did you meet on the street 你在街上遇到了谁作动词宾语
Whom are you taking the book to 你要把这书带给谁作介词宾语,置句首
To whom did you speak on the campus 你在校园里和谁讲话了作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代;
六、不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词;常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one;这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语;如：
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