专题技能突破（8)阅读理解之主旨大意
【技能讲解】　主旨大意题是高考阅读题目考查中必不可少的题目之一，可以利用主题句来概括标题，抓住每段的首尾句,综合得出文章的大意.特别关注首尾段落，到文章的中心。当出现but， however， therefore等词后，特别关注这些被强调的部分。另外，可以通过排除法得出正确答案.题干中4个选项，经常会出现某个选项是某一段落的意思，不足以代表全文；还有的选项会是放之四海而皆准的句子，过于宽泛;还有的选项会是偏离文章主题的意思。总之，如果能够排除太大、太小、太偏的选项,正确答案就一目了然了.
典例剖析
1.[2015·江苏高考，C篇]Suppose you become a leader in an organization.  It's very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities。 To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work。
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer。 Researchers have identified several f
actors that motivate people to get involved.  For example， people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness， to expand their range of experiences， and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs， people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal  factor  （e.g.， “I  volunteer because it's important to me。”）  to an external factor （e.g. ，“I volunteer because I’m required to do so."）. When that happens， people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must。
Once people begin to volunteer， what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question， researchers have conducted follow­up studies in which they track
volunteers over time。 For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year。 One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice。 The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.  It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work。 Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am." Consistent with the researchers’ expectations， they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer。 These results， once again， lead to concr
ete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity。。. Items like T­shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity。"
QWhat is the best title of the passage？
A．How to Get People to Volunteer
B．How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C．How to Keep Volunteers' Interest
D．How to Organize Volunteer Activities
［答案］　A　主旨大意题.通读全文可知,本文主要阐述了人们为什么要做志愿者,和持续进行志愿活动与志愿者身份认同之间的正比关系，并强调要加强对志愿者身份的认同。A项“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”能概括文章中心，适合做标题.故选A。
2．[2015·天津高考，B篇］Whether in the home or the workplace， social robots are going
to become a lot more common in the next few years。  Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way， said Cynthia Breazeal， chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools。  For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad。  This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user。