（动词　1. 不定式定义：由to＋动词原形构成。
    2.用途：
    主动形式 被动形式
  一般式 （not) to make （not) to be made
  [疑问词＋不定式结构]
  疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
  ①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语）
  ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语）
  ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语）
  ④The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语）
  以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I
  could learn…
  [动词不定式的语法功能] 
一、作主语
  动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
  (1)把不定式置于句首。如：
  To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
  (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
  ①It＋be＋名词＋to do
  It's our duty to take good care of the old.
  二、作宾语
  1) 动词+ 不定式
  afford.　aim.　appear.　agree.　arrange　.　ask　.　be　.　decide.　bother　.　care　.　choose　.　come.　dare.　demand.　desire.　determine　.　expect.　elect　.　endeavor　.hope.　fail　. happen　. help　.　hesitate　.learn　. long　.　mean.　manage　. offer　. ought.　plan　.　prepare.　pretend　.　promise.　refuse.　seem.　tend.　wait　.　wish.　undertake.
  举例：　
  The driver failed to see the other car in time.
  司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
  I happen to know the answer to your question.
  我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
  2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式
  ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
  I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
  I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
  I want to speak to Tom.　我想和汤姆谈话。
  I want you to speak to Tom.　我想让你和汤姆谈话。
  3） 动词+疑问词+ to
  decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
  注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单
数。
  The question is how to put it into practice.
  问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
  四、作表语
  不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；
  ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
  五、作状语
  1）目的状语　
  To… only to (仅仅为了),　in order to,　so as to,　so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。
  2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
  What have I said to make you angry.
  He searched the room only to find nothing.
  3)　表原因
  I'm glad to see you.
  六、作定语
  ⒈不定式作定语
  不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
  ①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
  ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
  [省to 的动词不定式]
  1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
  2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
  3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
  注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
  I saw him dance.
  =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night.
  =They were made to work the whole night.
动词不定式的否定式]
  Tell him not to shut the window…　
  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
　1、 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议
  "为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
  例如：
  Why not take a holiday?
  干吗不去度假?
  2、It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
  1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,　interesting, impossible等：
  It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
  2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
  It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
  4、不定式的特殊句型too…to…
  1）too…to　太…以至于…
  He is too excited to speak.
  他太激动了，说不出话来。
  5 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
  ①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
  动名词与不定式语义不同的有　
  1　stop to do　stop doing　
  2 forget to do　forget doing
  3　remember to do　remembe
r doing　
  4 regret to do　regret doing 
  5 try to do　try doing
  6go on to do　go on doing　
  7afraid to do　afraid doing
  8　interested to do　interested doing　
  例题
  1 forget doing/to do
  forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)
  forget doing　忘记做过某事。　(已做)
  2 stop doing/to do
  stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
  stop doing　停止做某事。
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.　他们停下来，抽了根烟。
  I must stop smoking..　我必须戒烟了。
  3 remember doing/to do
  remember to do 记得去做某事　(未做)
雷克雅未克 麦浚龙
  remember doing　记得做过某事　(已做)
没收歌词  Remember to go to the post office after school.
  记着放学后去趟邮局。
  Don't you remember seeing the man before?
  你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
  4 regret doing/to do
  regret to do　对要做的事遗憾。　(未做)
  regret doing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　(已做)
  5try doing/to do
  try to do　努力，企图做某事。
  try doing　试验，试着做某事。
  You must try to be more careful.
  你可要多加小心。
  I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
  我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
  6 go on doing/to do
  go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
  go on doing　继续做原来做的事。
  After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
  做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
  Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
  作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
  7be afraid doing/to do
  be afraid to do　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
  be afraid of doing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。
  She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
  她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
  She was afraid to wake her husband.
  她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
  She was afraid of waking her husband.
  她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
  8 be interested doing/to do
  interested to do　对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
  interested in doing　对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
  I shall be interested to know what happens.
  我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
  I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
  我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?　(一种想法)
二、 现在完成时
  1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
　2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
  3.基本结构：have/has + done
  4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.
  5.一般疑问句：have或has。
  6.例句：I've written an article.
  　The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
三、 过去进行时
  1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
  2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
  3.基本结构：was/were+doing
  4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
  5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
  6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
  When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
  四反意疑问句的用法详解　
友谊地久天长钢琴曲  反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。
  一、含be(is, are, was, were)动词的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1：主语+ be+其它，isn’t(aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t)+ 主语?
  句型2：主语+ be not+其它，is(are, was, were) + 主语?
庾澄庆吴莫愁接吻  ① You are from America, aren’t you? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
  ② It isn’t very cold today, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
  ③ Tom was away yesterday, wasn’t he? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
  ④ The Green weren’t at home last night, were they?
  Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
  ⑤ Mary is reading English now, isn’t she? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
  ⑥ Your parents aren’t going to have a party this Sunday, are they?
  Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
  ⑦ The girls were singing when the teacher came in, weren’t they?
  Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
  注意：There be句型
  ① There is an old picture on the wall, isn’t there?
  Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
  ② There aren’t any children in the room, are there?
  Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
  ③ There wasn’t a telephone call for me, was there?
  Yes, there was. No, there wasn’t.
  ④ There were enough people to pick apples, weren’t there?
  Yes, there were. No there weren’t.
  二、行为动词的一般现在时的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1: 主语+动词原形+其它，don’t I(you, we, they)?
  句型2: 主语+ don’t+动词原形+其它，do I(you, we, they)?
  句型3: 主语+动词第三人称单数+其它，doesn’t he(she, it)?
  句
型4: 主语+ doesn’t+动词原形+其它，does he(she, it)?
  ① You often watch TV in the evening, don’t you? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
  ② The students don’t study hard, do they? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
  ③ Mary studies Chinese hard, doesn’t she? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
中国好声音 high歌  ④ The boy doesn’t often go to school by bike, does he?
  Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
  ⑤ The first class begins at eight, doesn’t it? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
  三、 行为动词的一般过去时的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1: 主语+动词过去式+其它，didn’t+主语?
  句型2: 主语+didn’t+动词原形+其它，did +主语?
  ① You watched TV last night, didn’t you? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
  ② Jim’s parents didn’t go to Hong Kong last month, did they?
歌曲中华全家福  Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
  ③ The rain stopped, didn’t it? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.
  ④ Mr. Clarke didn’t buy a car, didn’t he? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
  四、一般将来时的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1: 主语+will+动词原形+其它，won’t+主语?
  句型2: 主语+ won’t +动词原形+其它，will +主语?
  ① The boys will play games, won’t they? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
  ② It won’t stop raining, will it? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.
  ③ Mr. Smith will visit our school next week, won’t he? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
  注意：There be句型的一般将来时
  ① There will be a basketball match tomorrow, won’t there?
  Yes, there will. No, there won’t.
  ② There won’t be too much pollution in the future, will there?
  Yes, there will. No, there won’t.
  五、现在完成时的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1: 主语+have+动词过去分词+其它，haven’t+主语?
  句型2: 主语+ haven’t +动词过去分词+其它，have +主语?
  句型3: 主语+has+动词过去分词+其它，hasn’t+主语?
  句型4: 主语+ hasn’t +动词过去分词+其它，has +主语?
  ① You have been to Shanghai before, haven’t you? Yes I have. No, I haven’t.
  ② You haven’t been to Shanghai before, have you? Yes I have. No, I haven’t.
  ③ Jack has done his homework, hasn’t he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
  ④ Jack hasn’t done his homework, has he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
  六、含有情态动词的反意疑问句
  其句型是：句型1: 主语+情态动词+动词原形+其它，情态动词否定形式+主语?
  句型2: 主语+情态动词否定形式+动词原形+其它，情态动词+主语?
  ① You can speak French, can’t you? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
  ② They can’t understand me, can they? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
  ③ Ann could swim when she was six, couldn’t she? Yes, she could. No, she cou