Unit 1A new start
Using language
根本句型(Basic sentence structures)
观察以下课文原句并思考如下句子属于哪个根本句型6。
1. After I had pictured it over and over again.
2. The campus was still quiet when I arrived.
3. With butterflies in my stomach, I breathed deeply.
4. I’m wondering what life is going to be like here.
5. He gave me a smile.
6. Everyone started laughing.
7. It all depends on what you do.
8. His words made me a lot more relaxed.
[归纳填空]
一、句子的根本成分
1. 主语: 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。
通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。
*She went out in a hurry. (代词)
*To see is to believe. (动词不定式)
*Smoking is bad for health. (动名词)
*What he has said is true. (从句)
2. 谓语: 说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词或动词短语充当, 位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语, 连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语; 情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。
*We appreciate your help a lot. (实义动词)
*He canspeak English well. (情态动词+动词原形)
*She is talking with her sister. (助动词+实义动词)
*The newly-baked bread tastes delicious. (连系动词+表语)
3. 表语: 用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于系动词之后, 由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词与表语从句充当。
*His job is taking care of children. (动名词短语)
*That’s why he came here. (从句)
*That remains a puzzle. (名词)
*They seem to know the truth. (动词不定式)
*The speech is exciting. (形容词)
4. 宾语: 表示动作的对象或承受者, 一般位于与物动词和介词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和句子充当。
你不是一个人(1)直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果, 通常指物。
(2)间接宾语表示动作的承受者或指向, 它位于直接宾语之前; 位于直接宾语之后时, 其前面如此常加介词to或for。
*She didn’t say anything. (代词)
*Did you write down what he said? (从句)
*I succeeded in passing the exam. (动名词短语)
*Would you like show me your passport? (间接宾语和直接宾语)
5. 宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语。一般由形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词和介词短语等充当。
*We found it necessary to study English. (形容词)
*We made him monitor就这样爱你爱你 in our class. (名词)
*We found him in trouble now. (介词短语)
主动语态变为被动语态后, 宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。
*The book is found very interesting.
*He was last seen playing near the river. 落叶的忧伤
6. 定语: 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。
*There are 54 students in our class. (数词)
*There is a sleeping baby in bed. (动名词)
*Tell the children playingthere not to make any noise. (现在分词)
*His 柏木由纪spoken language is good. (过去分词)
*That is the reason why I am against your advice. (从句)
前置定语和后置定语
形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词等作定语时, 通常放在被修饰词的前面, 叫前置定语; 而介词短语、动词不定式短语、分词短语、副词、从句作定语时, 通常放在被修饰词的后面, 叫后置定语。
*Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. (动词不定式)
*The girl in white is his sister. (介词短语)
7. 状语: 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分, 叫状语。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等。
*He loves science fiction in particular. (介词短语)
*His parents died, leaving him an orphan. (现在分词)
*Please call me if it is necessary. (从句)
*Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song. (副词)
*(2021·某某高考)You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. (动词不定式)
假如时间状语和地点状语同时出现在一个句子中, 通常先说地点状语, 再说时间状语; 但是如果对这两个状语同时提问时, 如此用when and where。
*They held a meeting in the hall yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午他们在大厅里开了一个会议。
*When and where did they hold a meeting?
他们何时何地开了一个会议?
写出如下句中加黑局部所作的句子成分
(1)The performance on the stage is quite different from that in the movie. 主语
(2)His wish is to bee a scientist. 表语
(3)Great changes have taken place in China since 1980. 谓语
(4)He noticed a man enter the room.宾语补足语
(5)Would you tell me your advice? me为间接宾语; your advice为直接宾语
(6)I opened the window to let some fresh air in.状语
(7)I’ll never forget the day when I worked together with you. 定语
二、七种根本句型
1. 主谓: S+V(不与物动词)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫不与物动词。
*We all eat, and drink. 我们都又吃又喝。
*He is playing. 他在玩。
2. 主谓状: S+V(不与物动词)+A
不与物动词后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
*They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
*I woke very soon. 我很快就醒了。
3. 主谓宾: S+V(与物动词)+O
此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。
*They ate some apples. 他们吃了些苹果。
苏打绿专辑*She laughs at him. 她嘲笑他。
*I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
4. 主谓宾状: S+V(与物动词)+O+A
此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 用“主谓宾〞不足以表达完整的句意, 必须加上状语才可明确地点、程度、时间等细节问题。
*They carried out the plan successfully.
他们成功地执行了计划。
*I want to talk with you this afternoon.
今天下午我想和你谈谈。
5. 主谓双宾: S+V(与物动词)+IO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是直接宾语, 另一个是间接宾语。
*She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
她给她丈夫做了一顿美餐。
*He showed me that the bus was late.
他告诉我公共汽车晚点了。
霍春燕*She told me how to run the machine.
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