Mary is a girl.
Mary is a beautiful girl. 形容词作定语
Mary is a girl who is beautiful. 句子作定语,修饰girl, 叫做定语从句
Mary is a girl.
Mary has long hair.
Mary is a girl who has long hair.
定语从句一般放在被修饰成分之后。
关系代词：which，that，who, whom, whose.
关系副词：where, why, when. 关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词通常是表示地点，时间或原因的名词，在定语从句中关系副词用作状语。
当先行词是物时, 用which 或that引导.
These are the trees which were planted last year.
当先行词是人时, 用who, whom, whose, that引导.
表时间地点原因的用 when where why引导。
The house that I’m going to buy faces south.关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省。
They’re talking about the film (that) I’ve seen.
用that的情况：1.当先行词是不定代词all much.little.something.
he one时
1、Do you have anything __you want to say for yourself?
2.当先行词前面有only.any.few. all. very等词修饰时
2、This is the very book __I’m looking for.
3.当先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时
3、This is the best __has been used against pollution.
4.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时
4、What is the first American film __you have seen?
5.当先行词既有人又有物时
5、I know the things and persons__he referred to.
6.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时
6、Which is the bike__you lost?
7.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that
7、They built up a factory which produced things__could cause pollution
6)关系副词when, where, why其含义相当于on which, in which for which等，可以互换：
The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.
I don’t know the reason why /for which he didn’t come.
7)whose指物时，可以与of which等结构互换，但应注意与冠词的位置关系：
This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue.
8)有时可用代替关系副词。在口语中常省略。
This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late.
9)先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big.
The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.
I don’t know the reason why /for which he didn’t come.
7)whose指物时，可以与of which等结构互换，但应注意与冠词的位置关系：
This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue.
8)有时可用代替关系副词。在口语中常省略。
This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late.
9)先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big.
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”
关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格
非限制性定语从句
形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
非限制性和介词在前不用that.及指代整个句子意思时。
限制性句子与主句关系密切，去掉句意不完整，甚至不合逻辑，不用逗号隔开..非限制性定语从句，去掉不影响句意，形式上用逗号隔开，不用that引导。
定语从句
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 | 先行词 | 从句成分 | 例 句 | 备 注 | |
关系代 词 | who | 人 | 主语 | Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? | whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. | ||
whose | 人或物 | 定语 | I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. | ||
that | 人或物 | 主语，宾语 | A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. | ||
which | 物 | 主语，宾语 | The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. | ||
as | 人或物 | 主语，宾语 | He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. | as做宾语一般不省略 | |
关系副 词 | when | 时间 | 时间状语 | I will never forget the day when we met there. | 可用on which |
where | 地点 | 地点状语 | This is the house where I was born. | 可用in which | |
why | 原因 | 原因状语 | I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. | 可用for which | |
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别
情 况 | 用法说明 | 例 句 |
只用that的情况 | 1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.先行词既指人又指物时 5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时everything is beautiful 6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 | 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? |
只用which, who, whom的情况 | 1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 | 1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others. |
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